Determinantes del Desempeño de las Pequeñas Empresas en México: Un Estudio Empírico: Small Business Determinants of Performance in Mexico: An Empirical Study

José Nicolás Barragán Codina; Yves Robichaud; Jean Charles Cachon; Egbert McGraw

doi:10.29105/revin20.39-404

Autores/as

José Nicolás Barragán Codina Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3552-721X
Yves Robichaud Laurentian University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1452-1475
Jean Charles Cachon Laurentian University https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5328-4201
Egbert McGraw Université de Moncton

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29105/revin20.39-404

Palabras clave:

Pequeñas empresas, Estudio empírico, México, estudio

Resumen

¿Qué factores determinan el desempeño de las pequeñas empresas con cinco o menos empleados? Con base en un marco conceptual ya utilizado en Argentina y en investigaciones anteriores, se utilizó una muestra de 174 empresarios mexicanos de dos diferentes estados (Jalisco y Nuevo León) para probar un conjunto de nueve hipótesis. Las variables dependientes de desempeño puestas en prueba fueron una objetiva, las ventas y una subjetiva, la evaluación personal de desempeño (o éxito) de los empresarios. Las variables independientes consideradas incluirán las características personales, sociológicas y organizativas. Los resultados se obtuvieron a partir de dos modelos de regresión lineal sobre dos variables dependientes. En cuanto a las características personales, las variables que se relacionaron positivamente con las ventas incluyeron 3 componentes de Capital Humano (Nivel de estudio, experiencia empresarial y horas semanales trabajadas) en el autoempleo por necesidad económica, y la pertenencia al género masculino. En cuanto a las variables organizativas, los empresarios con mayores ventas habían obtenido préstamos bancarios y habrían impulsado su negocio (por oposición de empezarlo desde cero) y tenían razones de necesidades económicas (extrínsecas) razones para estar en el negocio. Los empresarios que trabajan muchas horas y habían obtenidos ayudas del gobierno eran propensos a estar más satisfechos de su propio rendimiento que los demás.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

José Nicolás Barragán Codina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Posgrado FACPYA / Profesor Investigador

Citas

Adrien, M.-H., Kirouac, S., & Sliwinski, A. (1999). Women’s Entrepreneurship in Canada: All the Glitters is not gold. Universalia Occasional Paper, 38, 1-13.

Ahl, H. (2004). The scientific reproduction of gender inequality: A discourse analysis of research texts on women's entrepreneurship. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.

Ahl, H. (2006). Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x

Aldrich, H. E., and ic implications." In B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in OrganizatioE. R. Auster. (1986) "Even dwarfs started small: Liabilities of age and size and their strategnal Behavior, 8: 165- 198. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Almaraz, E. (2020). IIEG (Informacion Estadistica y Geografica del Estado de Jalisco), Unidades economicas registradas. Accessed July 6, 2020. https://datos.jalisco.gob.mx/dataset/unidades-economicas-registradas-jalisco-denue-2010-2019

Anderson, C.D. (1996). Understanding the inequality problematic: from scholarly rethoric to theoretical reconstruction. Gender and Society, 10(6), 729-746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124396010006004

Audretsch, D.B. and Keilbach, M. (2004). Does Entrepreneurship Capital Matter? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(5), 419-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00055.x

Aven, B., and Hillmann, H. (2018) Structural Role Complementarity in Entrepreneurial Teams. Management Science, 64(12), 5688-5704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2874

Banco BASE. (2019). Estadisticas para PYMES. November 26, 2019. Accessed April 20, 2020. https://blog.bancobase.com/estadisticas-para-pymes-que-debes-considerar

Barrett, R., & Rainie, A. (2002). What’s So Special About Small Firms? Developing an Integrated Approach to Analysing Small Firm Industrial Relations. Work Employment and Society, 16(3), 415-432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/095001702762217416

Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (2nd Ed.). New York: Nber.

Beckman, C.M. & Burton, M.D. (2008). Founding the future: Path dependence in the evolution of top management teams from founding to IPO. Organizational Science 19(1):3–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1070.0311

Berrone, P., Gertel, H., Giuliodori Bianco, M.E., Lombe, M. and Bolis, M. (2017), "Challenging gender norms and practices through women’s entrepreneurship", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(4), 338-358. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-10-2017-0060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-10-2017-0060

, R., Bernard, L., & Meiners, E. (2014). Determinants of performance in

Microenterprises: Preliminary Evidence from Argentina. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(3), 477-500.

Birley, S. (1989). Female Entrepreneurs: Are they Really any Different? Journal of Small Business

Managemen, 27(1): 32-37.

Block, J. H. and Wagner, M. (2010). Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs in Germany: Characteristics and Earnings Differentials. Schmalenbach Business Review, 62, 154-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03396803

Block, J.H., Kohn, K., Miller, D., & Ullrich, K. (2015) Necessity Entrepreneurs and Competitive Strategy. Small Business Economics. 44, 37-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9589-x

Bosma, N., Jones, K., Autio, E. & Levie, J. (2007). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.

Bosworth, G. & Newbery, R. (2015) Home-Based Businesses in Rural England, Regions Magazine, 299(1), 6-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13673882.2015.11500076

Bourdieu, P. (1983). The forms of capital, in J. G. Richardson (éd.). Handbook of Theory and Research

for the Sociology of Education, Wesport (Conn.): Greenwood Press, 241-258.

Brush, C. (1990). Women and enterprise creation: barriers and opportunities, in S. Gould and J. Parzen,

Enterprising Women : Local Initiatives for Job Creation, 37 58.

Brush, C.G., & Vanderwerf, P.A. (1992). A Comparison of Methods and Sources for Obtaining Estimates DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(92)90010-O

Of New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(2), 157-170.

Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674029095

University Press.

Cachon, J.-C., Barragan Codina, J.M., Eccius-Wellmann, C., McGraw, E., and D. A. Myers. (2013). Entrepreneurial Motives and Performance: Evidence from North America. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 14(5), 50-77. http://na-businesspress.homestead.com/JMPP/CachonJC_Web14_3_.pdf

Cachon, J.-C., and Cotton, G.B. (1997) The INOVE Project. Sudbury: Laurentian University Press.

Cachon, J.-C., Lagrandeur, L. (2016) West Nipissing Leakage and Feasibility Analysis. Sturgeon Falls, Ontario : West Nipissing Chamber of Commerce.

Cachon, J-C., Ashamock-Butterfly, S., Lanthier, N., J. Mavungu, Nantel, B., Pilon, N. (2019). Dubreuilville Strategic Action Plan 2019-2024 and Beyond. Dubreuilville, Ontario : The Corporation of the Township of Dubreuilville. https://dubreuilville.ca/documents/assets/uploads/files/en/dubreuilville_eng_strategic_action_plan_final_2019.pdf

Caliendo, M. & Kritikos, A. (2009). "I Want to, But I Also Need to": Start-Ups Resulting from Opportunity and Necessity. Bonn: Institute for Labor Studies, IZA Discussion Papers. 10.2139/ssrn.1592904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1592904

Carter, S., & Cannon, T. (1992). Women as entrepreneurs, London: Academic Press, 312 p.

Chimaleni, J., Muganda, M., & Musiega, D. (2015). Relationship between sources of business financing

And financial performance of small and medium enterprises in Lurambi subcounty. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 4(7), 35-45.

Chu, H.M., & Katsioloudes, M.I. (2001). Cultural Context in the Vietnamese-American Entrepreneurial

Experience. Journal of Transnational Development, 7(2), 37-46.

CIA World Factbook (2020) Accessed July 7, 2020. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

worldfactbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryname=Mexico&countrycode=mx&regionCode=noa&rank=12#mx

Cliff, J.E. (1998). Does One Size Fit All? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender and business size. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6), 523 542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00071-2

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228943

, 95-120.

Coneval – Consejo Nacional de Evaluacion de la Politica de Desarollo Social (2020). Estadisticas de pobreza en Jalisco. Accessed July 6, 2020. https://www.coneval.org.mx/coordinacion/entidades/Jalisco/PublishingImages/Pobreza_2018/Serie_2008-2018.jpg

Coneval (2020b). Estadisticas de pobreza en Nuevo León. Accessed July 6, 2020.

https://www.coneval.org.mx/coordinacion/entidades/NuevoLeon/Paginas/principal.aspx

Cunningham, W.V., & Maloney, W.F. (2001). Heterogeneity among Mexico’s Microenterprises: An

Application of Factor and Cluster Analysis. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50, 131-156.

Cusolito, A.P. & Maloney, W.F. (2018). Productivity Revisited – Shifting Paradigms in Analysis and Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1334-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1334-4

Davidsson, P. and Honig, B. (2003). The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6

Duchéneaut, B., & Orhan, M. (2000). Les femmes Entrepreneurs en France: Percée des Femmes dans un

Monde Construit au Masculin, Seli Arslan, Paris.

Fairlie, R.W., & Robb, A. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: evidence from the

Characteristics of Business Owners survey. Small Business Economics, 33, 375.

Falco, P., Maloney, W. F. Rijkers, B. and M. Sarrias. 2015. “Heterogeneity in Subjective Wellbeing: An Application to Occupational Allocation in Africa.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. 111 (March): 137−53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.022

Ferguson, F.E., & Durup, J.R. (1997). Work-family conflict and entrepreneurial women: a literature DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.1997.10600543

Review. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 14(1), 30-51.

Fiess, Norbert M. & Fugazza, Marco & Maloney, William F., (2010). "Informal self-employment and macroeconomic fluctuations," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(2), 211-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.09.009

Filion, L.J. (1997). Le métier d’entrepreneur, Revue Organisation, 6(2), 29-45.

Fischer, E.M., Reuber, A.R., & Dyke, L.S. (1993). A Theoretical Overview and Extension of Research on Sex, Gender and Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151 168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(93)90017-Y

Ford, J., & Schellenberg, D. (1982). Conceptual issues of linkage in the assessment of organizational DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/257248

Performance. Academy of Management Review, 7(1), 49-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1982.4285450

Franco-Santos, M., Kennerley, M., Micheli, P., Martinez, V. et al. (2007) towards a definition of a business performance measurement system International Journal of Operations & Production Management 27(8):784-801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570710763778

Freedman, J. & Godmin, M. (1993). The statutory audit and the micro company – an empirical

Investigation, Journal of Business Law, 105-130.

Gasse, Y., & D’Amboise, G. (1980). Identification des difficultés managériales et des facteurs de succès

dans les PME québécoises: une proposition de recherche, document spécial 80-34, Faculté des sciences et l’administration, Université Laval, Québec, 45 pages.

Garcia-Morales, V., Llorens-Montes, J. &Verdu-Jover, A. J. (2007). Influence of personal mastery on

Organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation in large firms and SMEs. Technovation, 27, 547-568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.02.013

GEM - Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2019). Economy profiles 2017 and 2018 – Better Government Support. https://www.gemconsortium.org/economy-profiles/mexico Accessed May 2, 2020.

GEM - Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2020). Economy profiles 2017 and 2019. Accessed July 4, 2020. https://www.gemconsortium.org/economy-profiles/mexico

Gimeno, J., Folta, T.B., Cooper, A.C. & Woo, C. Y. (1997) Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(4), 750-783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2393656

Goetz, S.J., Partridge, M., Deller, S.C., Fleming, D. (2010). Evaluating U.S. Rural Entrepreneurship Policy. Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 40(1), 20-33.

Gonzalez, S. (2019). Crece 20 por ciento la población en Nuevo León en los últimos diez años. Multimedia.com - Accessed July 6, 2020.

Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: the problem of embededness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/228311

Gutiérrez-Diez, M.C., Sapién-Aguilar, A.L., & Piñón-Howlet, L. C. (2013). Desempeño Organizacional de Microempresas en México. European Scientific Journal, 9(28), 33-55.

Guzmán, J.B., & Lussier, R.N. (2015). Success Factors for Small Businesses in Guanajuato, Mexico. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 6(11).

Hessels J. & Zwan, P. van der (2013). "Start-up motivation and (in)voluntary exit," Scales Research Reports H201309, EIM Business and Policy Research.

Holmquist, C., & Sundin, E. (1988). Women as entrepreneurs in Sweden: conclusions from a survey. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 643 653.

Holmquist, C., & Sundin, E. (1990). What's special about highly educated women entrepreneurs? Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2(l), 181-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629000000012

Hsu, C., Kuo, L. & Chang, B.G. (2013). Gender Difference in Profit Performance - Evidence from the

Owners of Small Public Accounting Practices in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 5(1): 140-159

Hubbard, G. (2009). Measuring organizational performance: beyond the triple bottom line. Business DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.564

Strategy & the Environment, 18(3), 177-191.

Hughes, K.D. (2003). Pushed or Pulled? Women’s Entry into Self-Employment and Small Business Ownership. Gender, Work and Organization, 10(4), 433-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00205

Hughes, K.D. (2006). Exploring Motivation and Success among Canadian Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 19(2), 107-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2006.10593362

Hurst, E. and Pugsley, B. W. (2011), ‘What Do Small Businesses Do?’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w17041

IIEG (Informacion Estadistica y Geografica del Estado de Jalisco), (2018). Poblacion en Jalisco. https://iieg.gob.mx/strategos/portfolio/poblacion-en-jalisco-2018/#:~:text=Nuestra%20entidad%20cuenta%20con%208,Nacional%20de%20Poblaci%C3%B3n%20(CONAPO).

INADEM 2018. Las MiPyME en México: retos y oportunidades. Accessed April 14, 2020 https://www.inadem.gob.mx/las-mipyme-en-mexico-retos-y-oportunidades/

INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2016). Anuario estadistico y geographico de Nuevo

León 2016. 646 p. Accessed July 22, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4158/1934-2403-22.5.646

http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/prod ctos/nueva_estruc/anuarios_2016/702825083656.pdf

INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2019). Encuesta Nacional sobre Productividad y Competitividad de las Micro, Pequenas, y Medianas Empresas 2018 (ENAPROCE). Accessed May 8, 2020. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enaproce/2018/default.html#Documentacion

Informador, E. (2015). Jalisco, la región con más empresas El Informador. Accessed August 9, 2019 from:

http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2010/182075/6/jalisco-la-region-con-mas-empresas.htm

Inmyxai, S. & Takahashi, Y. (2010). Performance Contrast and Its Determinants between Male and Female Headed Firms in Lao MSMEs. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(4): 3752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n4p37

Jack, S. L., and Anderson, A.R. (2002). “The Effects of Embeddedness on the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 17(5): 467–487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3

Jennings, J., Jennings, P. & Sharifian, M. (2014). Living the Dream? Assessing the “Entrepreneurship as Emancipation” Perspective in a Developed Region. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 40(1), 81-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12106

Jõeveer, K., Pissarides, F. & Svejnar, J. (2006). Bank Lending and Performance of Micro, Small and

Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs): Evidence from Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine.

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Kelley, D., Singer, S. & Herrington, M. (2015/16). GEM Global Report.

Khayesi, J.N.O., George, G., and J. Antonakis. (2014) Kinship in Entrepreneur Networks: Performance Effects of Resource Assembly in Africa. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 38(6), 1323-1342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12127

Kirkwood, J. (2009). Spousal roles on motivations for entrepreneurship: A qualitative study in New Zealand. Journal of Family and Economics Issues, 30(1), 372-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-009-9169-4

Klapper, L.F. (2005). The Role of Factoring for Financing Small and Medium Enterprises (May 2005). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3593. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=748344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3593

Kordel, S., and Pohle, P. (2018). International lifestyle migration in the Andes of Ecuador: how migrants from the USA perform privilege, import rurality and evaluate their impact on local community. Sociologia Ruralis 58 (1): 126-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12133

Korsgaard, S., R. Ferguson, and J. Gaddefors. (2015). “The Best of Both Worlds: How Rural Entrepreneurs Use Placial Embeddedness and Strategic Networks to Create Opportunities.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 27(9–10): 574–598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1085100

Laferrère A. (2001). Self-employment and intergenerational transfers: Liquidity constraint or family DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15579336.2001.11770224

Environment? International Journal of Sociology, 31(1), Self-Employment in Advanced

Economies (III), 3-26.

Lerner, M., Brush, C.B. & Hisrich, R. (1997). Israeli women entrepreneurs: an examination of factors DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00061-4

affecting performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 315 339.

Liang, C. K. & Dunn, P. (2002). The impact of starting a new venture on the entrepreneurs and their

Families: expectations, reality, and willingness to start again». Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 14(1): 34-46.

Lin, N. (1999). Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 22(1), 28-51.

Lin, N. (2001). Social Capital. A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge, Cambridge University DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815447

Press.

Lohrke, F., Bird, B. & Gordon, R. (2010). Commercializing new technologies: the impact of liability of

Newness, liability of smallness, and technological innovativeness (Summary). Frontiers of

Entrepreneurship Research, 30(9), 55-74.

Lomnitz, L. A., & Pérez-Lizaur, M. (1987). A Mexican elite family, 1820-1980: Kinship, class, and culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691226934

Maisel, N., & Gable, S. (2009). The paradox of received social support: The importance of responsiveness, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02388.x

Psychological Science, 25, 928-932

Manimala M. J. (2002) Global entrepreneurship monitor India report 2002, N S Raghavan Centre for Entrepreneurial Learning, Indian institute of Management, Bangalore, India

Manimala, M.J., and Wasdani, K.P. (2015) Emerging Economies: Muddling Through to Development in Manimala, M.J., and Wasdani, K.P. (eds.) Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Perspectives from Emerging Economies. New Delhi: Springer India, 3-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2086-2_1

Marchand, M., & Raymond, L. (2008). Researching performance measurement systems: an information systems perspective. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 28 (7), 663-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01443570810881802

Marlow, S. Hart, M. Levies, J. & Shamsul, K.M. (2013). RSB Group. Women in Enterprise: A Different Perspective. http://www.inspiringenterprise.rbs.com/sites/default/files/resources/womeninenterprise.pdf.

Marom, S., Lussier, R.N. (2014). A Business Success Versus Failure Prediction Small Businesses in Israel. Business and Economic Research, 4(2), 63-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v4i2.5997

Marquis C, Raynard M (2015) Institutional strategies in emerging markets. Academy of Management Annals. 9(1), 291–335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2015.1014661

Marsden, T. (1999) rural futures: the consumption countryside and its regulation. Sociologia Ruralis, 39 pp. 501–520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00121

McGowan, P., Cooper, S., Durkin, M. & O'Kane, C. (2015), 'The influence of social and human capital in developing young women as entrepreneurial business leaders', Journal of Small Business Management, 53 (3), 645-661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12176

Mirchandani, K. (1999). Feminist Insight on Gendered Work: New Directions in Researchon Women and Entrepreneurship. Gender, Work and Organization, 6, 4, 224-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00085

Morokovasic, M. (1991). Roads to independence: self-employed immigrants and minority women in five European states. International Migration, XXIV, 3, 407-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1991.tb01028.x

Morris, H.M. (1998). What is Microenterprise Development? Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 93-97.

Moy, J. W. & Lee, S. M. (2002). The carrier choice of business graduates: SMEs or MNCs? Career DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430210444367

Development International, 7, 339-347.

Mungaray, A., & Ramirez-Urquidy, M. (2007). Capital Humano y Productividad en microempresas. Investigación Económica, LXVI (260), 81-115.

Munyuny, C. T. (2013). Effect of debt financing on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret

Municipality. School of Business, Kabaraka University. Retrieved from

ir.kabarak.ac.ke/handle/123456789/182!

Namusonge, G.S. (2006). Entrepreneurial Finance and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

Innovation in Kenya. Technological and Industrialization Conference, JKUAT Nairobi.

Neergard, H, Shaw, E., and Carter, S. (2005). The Impact of Gender, Social Capital, and Networks on Business Ownership: A Research Agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11(5), 338-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550510614999

Neneh, B.N., Van Zyl, J., & Van Noordwyk, J. (2016). Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance: Evidence from South Africa. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists.

Nicholson, N., Schuller, R.S., & Van de Ven’ A. H. (1995). The Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionnary of

Organizational Behavior, Oford: Blackwell Publishers.

Nikina, A., Shelton, L.M. & S. LeLoarne (2015). An examination of how husbands, as key stakeholders, impact the success of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 22(1), 38-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-01-2012-0002

Nyakado, A., & Okello, S. (2016). Effect of accessing bank credit facilities. International Journal of Information Research and Review, 3, 3(7), 2623-2626.

OECD. (2018). Self-employed with employees (indicator). doi: 10.1787/b7bf59b6-en (Accessed on 22 May 2019) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/b7bf59b6-en

Osoro, K., & Muturi, W. (2013). The role of micro financial institutions on the growth of SMEs in Kenya:

A case study of micro financial institutions in Kisi Town. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 16, Issue 1, 75-91.

Parker, S., & Robson, M. (2004). Explaining international variations in self- employment: Evidence from a panel of OECD Countries. Southern Economic Journal, 71(2), 287-301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2325-8012.2004.tb00640.x

Pérez-Lizaur, M. (1997). The Mexican family enterprise faces the open market. Organization, 4, 535-551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/135050849700400411

Perry, G. E., O. Arias, P. Fajnzylber, W. F. Maloney, A. Mason, and J. Saavedra-Chanduvi. (2007). Informality: Exit and Exclusion. World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies 40008. Washington, DC: World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7092-6

Phillipson, J., Tewasing, P., Gorton, M., Maioli, S., Newbery, R. and Turner, R. (2019) Shining a spotlight on small rural businesses: How does their performance compare with urban? Journal of Rural Studies, 68, 230-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.09.017

Porter M., & Spriggs M. (2013) Informal private equity investment networks: the role of the nexus angel. Journal of Private Equity 16(3):48–56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3905/jpe.2013.16.3.048

Poschke, M. (2013a). “Entrepreneurs out of necessity”: a snapshot’, Applied Economics Letters 20(7), 658–663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.727968

Poschke, M. (2013b). The Decision to Become an Entrepreneur and the Firm Size Distribution: A Unifying framework for Policy Analysis. Bonn: Institute for Labor Studies - Discussion Paper No. 7757. 49 p.

Price Waterhouse Coopers. (2020). Post-crisis world taking shape in plans to reboot the workplace – Priorities to de-risk supply chains. Accessed May 11, 2020.

https://www.pwc.com/us/en/library/covid-19/pwc-covid-19-cfo-pulse-survey.html#supply

Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: the strange disappearance of social capital in America. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/420517

Political Science and Politics, 28(4), 664-683.

Ramirez-Urquidy, M, Texis, M., & Barceló, J.B.A. (2014). El papel del capital humano y el aprendizaje en

Las microempresas de base social en Baja California. Estudios Fronterizos, Nueva Época, 15(29).

Raymond, L., Marchand, M., St-Pierre, J., Cadieux, L. & F. Labelle (2013) Dimensions of small business performance from the owner-manager's perspective: a re-conceptualization and empirical validation. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.782344

Roberts, E., Beal, D., Philip, L., and Townsend, L. (2017) rural resilience in a digital society Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 355-359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.010

Roberts, M. & Wood, M. (1997). The use of computerized information systems to gain strategic

Competitive advantage: the case of a start-up manufacturing company. Logistic Information Management, 10(4-5), 178-183.

Roos, A. (2019). Embeddedness in context: understanding gender in a female entrepreneurship network, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 31(3-4), 279-292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1551793

Ruiz-Conde, M.V., Ramirez Reyez, J. & Perez Dias, J. (2012) El capital humano en las Micro y Pequeñas Empresas Turísticas de la ciudad de Texcoco, Estado de México. Revista El Periplo Sustentable, 22, 145-162.

Santarelli, E. and M. Vivarelli (2007). Entrepreneurship and the process of firms’ entry, survival and growth. Industrial and Corporate Change 16(3), 455–488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm010

Santos da Silva, D. (2016). Portuguese Startups: a success prediction model. Master’s Dissertation in Finance and Tax. Faculdade de Economia, Universidade de Porto.

Schoar, A. (2010). The Divide between Subsistence and Transformational Entrepreneurship, in J. Lerner and S. Stern, eds, ‘Innovation Policy and the Economy’, University of Chicago Press, 10, 57–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/605853

Scott, M.G., and Anderson, A. I. (1992). Environment for Rural Entrepreneurship: The Comodification of the Countryside. Stirling University: Scottish Enterprise Foundation Working Paper. 12 p.

SET - Secretaria de Economia y Trabajo. (2020). Datos Economicos – Mayo 2020. http://datos.nl.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/indicadores/2020/Tarjeta_datos_ec_N%20L-Mayo-2020.pdf

Shikher, S., Torsekat, M., Semanik, M. and P. Herman. (2019). U.S. Mexico and Canada Trade Agreement Likely Impact of the U.S. Economy and on Specific Industry Sectors. Washington: United States International Trade Commission. Publication 2889, April 2019.

Statistics Canada (2010) The State of Entrepreneurship in Canada. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/SEC-EEC_eng.pdf/$file/SEC-EEC_eng.pdf

Steier, L.P., Chua, J.H., and Chrisman, J.J. (2009). Embeddedness perspectives of economic action within family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33, 1157-1167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00338.x

Stewart, A. (1990). The Bigman metaphor for entrepreneurship: A “library tale” with morals on alternatives for further research. Organization Science, 1, 143-159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1.2.143

Stewart, A. (2003). Help One another, Use One Another: Toward an Anthropology of Family Business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 383-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00016

STPS, (Secretaria del Trabajo y Prevensión Social). Laboral, S. d. (2020). Accessed July 13, 2020 //www.stps.gob.mx/bp/secciones/conoce/areas_atencion/areas_atencion/web/pdf/perfiles/perfil%20nacional.pdf

STPS (Secretaria del Trabajo y Prevensión Social) -INEGI., (2017). Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y

Empleo. Informacion Laboral, November 2017. Accessed October 31, 2019.

http://www.stps.gob.mx/gobmx/estadisticas/pdf/perfiles/perfil%20nuevo%20leon.pdf

Tancred, P. (1995). Women’s work: a challenge to the sociology of work. Gender, Work, and Organization, 2(1), 11-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.1995.tb00023.x

Texis, M., Ramírez-Urquidy, M, & Barceló, J.B.A. (2016). Microempresas de base social y sus

Posibilidades de supervivencia. Contaduría y Administración 61, 551–567.

Thompson, P. (2011). Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs through the Business Cycle. CIRPÉE-Ivey Conference on Macroeconomics and Entrepreneurship. Montreal: Florida International University.

Thurik R., Verheul I., Grilo, I. & Bhola, R. (2006). "Explaining engagement levels of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs," Scales Research Reports H200610, EIM Business and Policy Research.

Velazco, J. (2020). Crece Inversión Extranjera de Jalisco en primer trimestre de 2020. Informador.mx Accessed July 6, 2020. https://www.informador.mx/economia/Crece-Inversion-Extranjera-de-Jalisco-en-primer-trimestre-de-2020-20200518-0108.html

Villareal, M.A. (2017). Mexico’s Free Trade Agreements, Congressional Research Service. 17 p. Accessed

August 12, 2019. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40784.pdf

Vivarelli, M. and D. Audretsch (1998). The link between the entry decision and post-entry performance: Evidence from Italy. Industrial and Corporate Change 7, 485–500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/7.3.485

Watson, J. (2003). “Failure rates for female-controlled businesses: are they any different?”, Journal of Small Business Management, 41(3), 262-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-627X.00081

Webber, J. (2015). Guadalajara: Mexico’s Second City is a Latin American Silicon Valley. Financial

Times, June 16, 2015. Accessed July 25, 2019.

, A. D. Bruin, E. J. Gatewood, and C. Henry, 96–117. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/ec7461a8-ffb3-11e4-bc30 00144feabdc0.html#axzz3zRrPEz7m

Welter, F., and Smallbone, D. (2010). “The Embeddedness of Women’s Entrepreneurship in a Transition Context.” In Women Entrepreneurs and the Global Environment for Growth: A Research Perspective, edited by C. G. Brush DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849806633.00011