Viability of social entrepreneurship in higher education students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29105/in23.45-497Keywords:
Entrepreneurship, Education, SocietyAbstract
The purpose of this study is to predict social entrepreneurial intention in higher education students using the model proposed by Mair and Noboa (2006) and the incorporation of the prior experience construct proposed by Hockerts (2017). An electronic questionnaire was administered to 4,147 students at a Mexican public university. A total of 1,042 completed questionnaires were received. An exploratory factor analysis was performed on these data, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis and a structural analysis. The results are consistent with those of Mair and Noboa (2006) and Hockerts (2017), who found that the constructs with a statistically significant effect on social entrepreneurial intention are self-efficacy and social support. Prior experience has a significant influence on social entrepreneurial intention, mediated by self-efficacy, social support, empathy, and moral obligation. It should be added that the originality of this work lies in the fact that it is one of the few studies that replicates Mair and Noboa's model, as well as Hockerts' proposal, with Latin American higher education students. Furthermore, the results show that it is a reliable tool for predicting social entrepreneurial intentions in Mexican students.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, education, society
JEL Classification L26, I21, M14
Downloads
References
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Hu-man Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
Allen, C., Bell, J., & Dragomir, G. (2019). Searching for a theory of dark social entre-preneurship. Social Enterprise Journal, 15(1), 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-06-2018-0046
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Azmat, F., Ferdous, A. S., & Couchman, P. (2015). Understanding the dynamics between social entrepreneurship and inclusive growth in subsistence mar-ketplaces. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 34(2), 252–271. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.150
Bacq, S., & Janssen, F. (2011). The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(5–6), 373–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.577242
Bandura, A. (2006). Toward a psychology of human agency. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00011.x
Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997). Perspective taking: Imagining how another feels versus imagining how you would feel. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297237008
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. (2022). Anuario estadístico 2021–2022. https://repositorio.buap.mx/rplaneacion/public/inf_public/2022/0/Anuario_2021_2022.pdf
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bernardino, S., Santos, F., & Ribeiro, C. (2018). Social entrepreneur and gender: What's personality got to do with it? International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 61–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-07-2017-0040
Bornstein, D. (1996). The price of a dream: The story of the Grameen Bank and the idea that is helping the poor to change their lives. Simon & Schuster.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
Carr, J. C., & Sequeira, J. M. (2007). Prior family business exposure as intergenera-tional influence and entrepreneurial intent: A theory of planned behavior approach. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1090–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.016
Chalmers, D. (2021). Social entrepreneurship's solutionism problem. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1363–1370. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12676
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business re-search (pp. 295–336). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Comunian, A. L., & Gielen, U. P. (2000). Sociomoral reflection and prosocial and antisocial behavior: Two Italian studies. Psychological Reports, 87(1), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.1.161 〔confirma la página final〕
Conner, M., McEachan, R., Taylor, N., O'Hara, J., & Lawton, R. (2015). Role of affec-tive attitudes and anticipated affective reactions in predicting health behav-iors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 642–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000143
Dees, J. G. (2012). A tale of two cultures: Charity, problem solving, and the future of social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1412-5
Ernst, K. (2011). Heart over mind: An empirical analysis of social entrepreneurial intention formation on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour [Tesis doctoral, University of Wuppertal].
Forster, F., & Grichnik, D. (2013). Social entrepreneurial intention formation of cor-porate volunteers. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 153–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2013.777358
Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its deter-minants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183–211. https://doi.org/10.2307/258770
Groch, K., Gerdes, K. E., Segal, E. A., & Groch, M. (2012). The grassroots Londolozi model of African development: Social empathy in action. Journal of Com-munity Practice, 20(1–2), 154–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2012.644207
Haines, R., Street, M. D., & Haines, D. (2008). The influence of perceived im-portance of an ethical issue on moral judgment, moral obligation, and mor-al intent. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9502-5
Heinonen, J., & Poikkijoki, S.-A. (2006). An entrepreneurial-directed approach to entrepreneurship education: Mission impossible? Journal of Management Development, 25(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710610637981
Hemingway, C. A. (2005). Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entre-preneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(3), 233–249. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25123577
Hockerts, K. (2015). Antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions: A validation study. Social Enterprise Journal, 11(3), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-05-2014-0026
Hockerts, K. (2017). Determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepre-neurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 105–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12171
Huang, C.-C., & Chen, T.-H. (2015). Moral norm and the two-component theory of planned behavior model in predicting knowledge sharing intention: A role of mediator desire. Psychology, 6(13), 1685–1699. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.613165
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1986). PRELIS: A program for multivariate data screening and data summarization. Scientific Software.
Kaiser, F. G. (2006). A moral extension of the theory of planned behavior: Norms and anticipated feelings of regret in conservationism. Personality and Indi-vidual Differences, 41(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.028
Kautonen, T., Luoto, S., & Tornikoski, E. T. (2010). Influence of work history on en-trepreneurial intentions in 'prime age' and 'third age': A preliminary study. International Small Business Journal, 28(6), 583–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610368592
Kenny, D. A., & McCoach, D. B. (2003). Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Model-ing, 10(3), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1003_1
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. Harper & Row.
Koe Hwee Nga, J., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0358-8
Kuratko, D. F. (2014). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice. Cengage Learn-ing.
London, M. (2010). Understanding social advocacy: An integrative model of motiva-tion, strategy, and persistence in support of corporate social responsibility and social entrepreneurship. Journal of Management Development, 29(3), 224–245. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711011025768
Lukman, S., Bao, P. X., Kweku, B., Ekow, V., Latif, A., Gadabu, A., Charmaine, P., Basiru, I., & Abubakar, M. (2020). Diasporan students' social entrepreneur-ship intention: The moderating role of institutional support. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(2), Article e2108. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2108
Mair, J. (2006). Introduction to Part II — Exploring the intentions and opportunities behind social entrepreneurship. In J. Mair, J. Robinson, & K. Hockerts (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship (pp. 89–94). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625655_6
Mair, J., & Martí, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explana-tion, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002
Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: How intentions to create a social venture are formed. In J. Mair, J. Robinson, & K. Hockerts (Eds.), So-cial entrepreneurship (pp. 121–134). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625655_8
Miller, T. L., Grimes, M. G., McMullen, J. S., & Vogus, T. J. (2012). Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepre-neurship. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 616–640. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0456
Rivis, A., Sheeran, P., & Armitage, C. J. (2009). Expanding the affective and norma-tive components of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis of an-ticipated affect and moral norms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(12), 2985–3019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00558.x
Schlaegel, C., & Koenig, M. (2014). Determinants of entrepreneurial intent: A meta-analytic test and integration of competing models. Entrepreneurship Theo-ry and Practice, 38(2), 291–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12087
Shang, L., & Chandra, Y. (2023). Exploring social entrepreneurship co-production processes in the disability sector: Individual and collective action views. Journal of Social Policy. Publicación anticipada en línea. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279423000077
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of entrepreneur-ship (pp. 72–90). Prentice Hall.
Smith, I. H., & Woodworth, W. P. (2012). Developing social entrepreneurs and so-cial innovators: A social identity and self-efficacy approach. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3), 390–407. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2011.0016
Trajano, S. da S., Sousa-Filho, J. M. de, Matos, S., & Lessa, B. de S. (2022). Do volunteers intend to become social entrepreneurs? The influence of pro-social behavior on social entrepreneurial intentions. Nonprofit and Volun-tary Sector Quarterly, 52(2), 443–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640221103299
Tukamushaba, E. K., Orobia, L., & George, B. P. (2011). Development of a concep-tual model to understand international social entrepreneurship and its ap-plication in the Ugandan context. Journal of International Entrepreneur-ship, 9(4), 282–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-011-0079-9
Vining, J., & Ebreo, A. (1989). An evaluation of the public response to a community recycling education program. Society & Natural Resources, 2(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941928909380673
Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
Wiger, N. P., Chapman, D. W., Baxter, A., & DeJaeghere, J. (2015). Context matters: A model of the factors associated with the effectiveness of youth entrepre-neurship training. Prospects, 45(4), 533–547.
Yiu, D. W., Wan, W. P., Ng, F. W., Chen, X., & Su, J. (2014). Sentimental drivers of social entrepreneurship: A study of China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program. Management and Organization Review, 10(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/more.12043
Young, D. R. (1986). Entrepreneurship and the behavior of nonprofit organizations: Elements of a theory. Oxford University Press.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psycho-logy, 90(6), 1265–1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 José Gerardo Serafín Vera Muñoz y María Antonieta Monserrat Vera Muñoz

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The InnOvaciOnes de NegOciOs magazine is a free and open access electronic magazine of a scientific-academic nature and is a publication of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, in which the authors retain their copyright and grant the magazine the exclusive right to first publication of the work. Third parties are allowed to use the published content, as long as the authorship of the work is acknowledged and the first publication in this journal is cited.
For more information, please contact the Research Secretary (FACPyA) of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León. Telephone: (81) 1340-4430. Email: revinnova@uanl.mx
